International Journal of Quantum Technologies
A New Model for the Subatomic Particles the Fundamental Interactions and the Solution to the Millennium Problem of the Yang-Mills "Mass Gap"
Abstract
Vaggelis Talios
With the discovery of the atoms by Einstein (1905), and the proof that atoms have subdivisions, Rutherford (1911), that is, they consist of other smaller particles, the formation of the Quantum theory, the theory of the particles found within the atom began. Initially, it was discovered that each atom consists of a nucleus, which is also the solid part of the atom, which is composed of protons (particles with a positive electromagnetic charge) and electrons (particles with a negative electromagnetic charge) around which other electrons rotate. Then it was discovered that the assump-tion that atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and electrons, around which other elec-trons revolve, was not correct but it was discovered that the nucleus consists of pro-tons and uncharged particles (not electrons), which the Quantum theory called neu-trons, James Chadwick (1932). With the progress of the research, it was discovered that the protons and neutrons, of which the nucleus consists, also have subdivisions, the particles, up and down quarks, Murray Gell-Man (1970).
With the discovery of the up and down quarks, which together with the electron were considered to be the elementary particles, that is, the smallest subdivisions of matter, the foundation of the Standard Model theory began, that is, the theory for the investi-gation of elementary particles and antiparticles, as a branch of the Quantum theory. The Standard Model theory was completed with the discovery of the Higgs particle (2012), a particle that is not an elementary particle but has the property of contributing to the creation of the mass of the remaining elementary particles and antiparticles.
The calculations and the various elements of subatomic and elementary particles in the Quantum theory and the Standard Model are based on the Yang-Mills equations for-mulated in the 1970s and are based on the assumption that the same laws apply to subatomic and elementary particles in the microcosm as they do in the macrocosm. The successful use of Yang-Mills theory to describe the interactions of elementary par-ticles has relied on a subtle quantum mechanical property called the Yang-Mills “mass gap” . Experiments and computer simulations suggest the existence of this “mass gap” in the solution of the Yang-Mills equations, but no theoretical proof of this property is known. The property has only been discovered by physicists in experiments and con-firmed in computer simulations, but it has not yet been understood theoretically. Theo-retical physicists believe that the explaining of the property of the Yang- Mills “mass gap” will require the introduction of new fundamental ideas, both in physics and mathematics. In fact, to stimulate scientists’ interest in solving the Yang-Mills “mass gap” problem, the problem was included as one of the seven unsolved problems of the Millennium Prizes, announced by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which offers a prize of one million dollars for the solution of each problem.
With the progress of science, it was found that while Quantum theory is based on very strong and correct scientific foundations, the Standard Model theory, in addition, have to clarify the case of the Yang-Mills “mass gap”, before its establishment, and many other weak points, such as, whether the electron and the up and down quarks are indeed elementary particles, whether quarks move or not inside the nucleus of the atom, whether bosons actually exist, what about the fundamental interactions, wheth-er the Higgs mechanism for the origin of the mass of the elementary particles is the correct mechanism, etc. However, regardless of the clarification of the above points of the Standard Model theory, in the section 5, I propose a New Model for describing elementary particles and fundamental interactions to replace the Standard Model. The New Model I propose clarifies all the unanswered questions of the Standard Model, includes the interaction of gravity and, at the same time solves the problem of the Yang-Mills “mass gap” [1-3].