Advances in Marine Research, Sustainable Oceans and Coastal Systems
Marine Superhydrophobic Coatings: CoreâShell Materials and Applications
Abstract
Agni Mohapatra
Marine infrastructures and vessels continuously face challenges associated with corrosion, biofouling, ice accumulation, drag resistance, and contamination resulting from prolonged exposure to seawater. Superhydrophobic materials have emerged as promising solutions owing to their ability to repel water, reduce surface adhesion, and provide self-cleaning characteristics. However, conventional superhydrophobic coatings often suffer from poor mechanical durability and degradation under harsh marine conditions. Core–shell structured particles offer an advanced approach to overcome these limitations by integrating mechanically robust cores with functional hydrophobic shells. Such architectures enable the development of durable, multifunctional, and environmentally resilient superhydrophobic coatings. This review discusses the fundamental principles governing superhydrophobicity, fabrication strategies for core–shell particles, material selection, coating preparation methods, and their applications in marine operations. Particular emphasis is placed on anti-corrosion, antibiofouling, anti-icing, drag reduction, and oil–water separation technologies. Current challenges and future opportunities for large-scale industrial implementation are also highlighted.